The scheme centres a place, not a group: rural villagers, who had far less public investment than city residents (Sun Ping; Zhuang; Cabannes). Centering works by exclusive eligibility, since only households with local rural registration (hukou) are entitled to the funds and to vote, which excludes the migrants and floating population living in the same villages and townships (Zhuang; Cabannes 2018 and 2020). Within the village, Zhuang reports that no serious attention is given to women, children, the elderly or the disabled, that the most chosen projects are productive infrastructure, and that council guidelines ask only for a limit on party members (Frenkiel). No source reports demographic data on who answers the questionnaires, sits in councils or benefits, so reach is not verified. The 2021 experiment surveyed a representative sample of 7,851 residents but did not centre any group.