| Effect | Effect type | Effect direction | Level of analysis | Measurement quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cycle 1 (2011-12): 27 projects, $5.6M, 5,985 voters | Material or project outcome | Positive | Community | Verified |
| Cycle 2 (2012-13): 45 projects, $9.8M, 13,035 voters | Material or project outcome | Positive | Community | Verified |
| Cycle 3 (2013-14): 55 projects, $14.5M, 16,642 voters | Material or project outcome | Positive | Community | Verified |
| Cycle 4 (2014-15): 114 projects, $31.9M, 51,362 voters | Material or project outcome | Positive | Community | Verified |
| Cycle 5 (2015-16): 120 projects, about $37M, over 67,000 voters | Material or project outcome | Positive | Community | Claimed |
| Cycle 6 (2016-17): over $40M, over 102,000 voters | Material or project outcome | Positive | Community | Claimed |
| Cycle 7 (2017-18): over $28.5M, 99,252 voters | Material or project outcome | Positive | Community | Claimed |
| Cycle 8 (2018-19): over $39M, 118,308 voters | Material or project outcome | Positive | Community | Claimed |
| 2025-26 (FY2027): almost $25M, nearly 130,000 voters | Material or project outcome | Positive | Community | Claimed |
| People of color, low-income and immigrant voters above local election rates | Behavior or practice change | Positive | Community | Verified |
| Non-citizens and under-18s cast binding votes | Institutional or policy change | Positive | Individual, Societal | Verified |
| Youth share of the vote rose from 11.5 to 16.6 percent (Cycle 7) | Behavior or practice change | Positive | Community | Claimed |
| Delegates more comfortable contacting government and speaking publicly | Capacity built | Positive | Individual | Verified |
| Participants learned district needs, gained respect for officials | Mental model emerged | Positive | Individual, Interpersonal | Verified |
| Wider social networks, especially low-income and Latino delegates | Relationships and trust | Positive | Interpersonal | Verified |
| Council Members got more press and closer constituent ties | Relationships and trust | Positive | Interpersonal, Organizational | Verified |
| Non-winning ballot projects funded anyway ($2.8M+ in Cycle 3) | Material or project outcome | Mixed or unintended | Community | Verified |
| $3.8M to 10 NYCHA projects over Cycles 1 to 3 | Material or project outcome | Positive | Community | Verified |
| DOE school bathroom budget doubled to $100M, credited partly to PB | Institutional or policy change | Positive | Societal | Claimed |
| Council institutionalized PB with central staff (2014) | Institutional or policy change | Positive | Organizational | Verified |
| NYC was 24 of 46 North American PB processes in 2014-15 | Narrative or cultural shift | Positive | Societal | Verified |
| Inspired PB in Vallejo and Brooklyn College | Narrative or cultural shift | Positive | Societal | Claimed |
| Most participants only vote; returning districts saw dips | Behavior or practice change | Mixed or unintended | Community | Verified |
| Delegate attrition: 44 percent stayed active in Cycle 4 | Capacity built | Negative | Individual | Verified |
| Online and Council channels favored white, higher-income voters | Behavior or practice change | Mixed or unintended | Community | Verified |
| Frustration with slow implementation and missing updates | Relationships and trust | Negative | Interpersonal | Testified |
The evaluators counted participation cycle by cycle: 7,736 people in the pilot (2,138 at 27 assemblies, 251 delegates, 5,985 voters, four districts), 13,889 in Cycle 2 (eight districts), 18,184 in Cycle 3 (1,661 at 69 assemblies, 333 delegates, 16,642 voters, ten districts, then the largest PB vote in the US) and 51,362 voters with 606 active delegates and 6,127 assembly participants in Cycle 4 (24 districts). Later figures are the Council's own: over 67,000 voters in Cycle 5, over 102,000 in Cycle 6, 99,252 in Cycle 7 (27 districts), 118,308 in Cycle 8 (32 districts), and nearly 130,000 in the 2025-26 cycle (22 districts), which the Council called its highest turnout; no voter counts are given for 2023 or 2025. Who took part: women were over 60 percent at every stage; in the pilot, District 8 voters with incomes under $10,000 were 22 percent against 4 percent of 2009 election voters, and Latino voters 50 percent against 39 percent; in Cycle 3, 62 percent of voters were people of color, 39 percent had incomes under $35,000 (21 percent of 2013 election voters), 36 percent were foreign-born, 14 percent non-citizens, 6 percent aged 16 to 17, and 68 percent had never worked with others on a community problem; in Cycle 4, 57 percent were people of color and 23 percent could not vote in regular elections. What got funded: schools and libraries dominated (21 of 55 winners in Cycle 3; 80 percent of voters picked a school or library project), then parks; the 2018, 2019 and 2026 results lists are still mostly school technology, bathrooms, gyms, playgrounds, libraries, bus countdown clocks, trees and NYCHA upgrades; District 8 and 33 voters funded public housing projects; the pilot produced a library vending machine and a composting system. Delegates with incomes under $25,000 reported large gains in comfort contacting agencies (50 percent) and public speaking (38 percent); 82 percent said they were more likely to join a community organization. What the City changed: members funded $935,000 of non-winning or ineligible ideas in the pilot and over $2.8 million in Cycle 3, and Council Member Lander credited PB demand for the Department of Education doubling school bathroom funding from $50 million to $100 million. Negatives the evaluators found: participation dipped in most returning districts, most voters touch the process only at the ballot, delegate retention was under half, online channels skewed white and affluent, and participants reported frustration at implementation delays. Public Agenda counted NYC as 24 of the 46 PB processes in the US and Canada in 2014-15 and 28 of 61 in 2015-16. Celina Su's 2020 article on shifts in spending toward schools, streets and public housing is in the source list but was link only and not read.
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